Disruption of certain DNA structures – called topologically associating domains, or – TADs – is linked with the development of disease, including some cancers.
With its newly created algorithm that quickly locates and helps elucidate the complex functions of TADs, an international team of researchers is making it easier to study these important DNA structures and help prevent disease.
The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health and published today in Genome Biology.
Preventing disease
Qunhua Li, associate professor of statistics, Penn State, said: “On your DNA you have genes and regulatory elements, such as promotors and enhancers, that control gene expression, but these two things can be far away from each other.
“Similar to a dresser drawer that keeps your clothes organised and available for use, TADs bring genes together with their regulatory elements, which enables them to begin the process of gene expression.”
Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in DNA gives rise to observable traits.
According to Ross Hardison, T. Ming Chu Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State, disruption of the boundaries that form TADs can expose genes to the wrong regulatory elements and lead to aberrant gene expression that can result in the initiation of cancer, for example.
He said: “This algorithm will help us better understand how these important structures function to prevent disease, which can take us one step further toward finding solutions.”
Called OnTAD, the team’s computational algorithm rapidly identifies the locations of TADs in the genome and enables examination of their internal architectures, which are important for understanding their biological functions.
OnTAD refers to ‘optimised nested TAD caller’. According to Hardison, the ‘nesting’ or hierarchy of DNA interactions is analogous to the different levels of organisation in a city.
Hardison said: “Think about New York City, with its boroughs, neighbourhoods within boroughs, and street locations within neighbourhoods. Each level of organisation is nested within a higher level.
“Just like you are more likely to interact with someone on the same street rather than someone in another borough, DNA interactions are more frequent within the inner-most nested TADs.
“This is important because interactions among DNA segments, such as genes and enhancers, are needed for proper gene regulation. The OnTAD algorithm rapidly and efficiently reveals these levels of organisation in DNA interactions.”
DNA structures and interactions
Li added that by working within this hierarchical view of DNA interactions, he and his colleagues learned that the more densely coiled the DNA is inside TADs the greater the gene expression, likely due to the fact that more genes are brought into contact with their regulatory elements.
“As we better understand how DNA interactions function in normal gene regulation, we can be better prepared to uncover how mutations in DNA can alter those interactions that can lead to incorrect gene expression and influence the development of cancers and other diseases.”
Li noted that pre-existing methods have focused solely on identifying the locations of TADs, with little investigation of the biological functions of hierarchical organisation inside TADs in gene regulation.
In addition to revealing increased gene expression in hierarchical TADs, OnTAD showed that hierarchical TADs are characterised by more active epigenetic states. Epigenetic processes control cell memory and identity; for example, ensuring that kidney cells behave as kidney cells and not as liver cells.
“These results demonstrate that OnTAD is a powerful tool for revealing different levels of DNA organisation across a genome,” said Li. “It should facilitate improved investigations into the roles of this organisation in gene regulation.”
