Research has found that for around a third of people with major depressive disorder, antidepressants have not been working – could this be due to hyperactive brain cells?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), is known to be the most commonly prescribed antidepressant, as it lifts the fog of depression for many people. But for around a third of people with major depressive disorder, SSRIs don’t make much of a difference. Now, researchers from the Salk Institute have pinpointed a possible reason why – this being the neurons in at least some of these patients’ brains may become hyperactive in the presence of the drugs.
Hyperactive brain cells
Depression affects 300 million people around the world, and more than 6% of the US population experiences an episode of major depressive disorder (MDD) in any given year. MDD has been linked to an imbalance in serotonin signalling, although the exact mechanism is not properly understood.
Professor Rusty Gage, the study’s senior author, explains: “This is a promising step toward understanding why some patients don’t respond to SSRIs and letting us better personalise treatments for depression.”
When brain cells signal with serotonin, the neurotransmitter is released from one cell, binds to receptors on neighbouring cells, and is then transported back into the first cell. SSRIs increase levels of serotonin available for signalling by barricading the transporter that normally moves serotonin back inside cells, in a process known as reuptake.
Details of the study
The researchers isolated skin cells from all these patients and from three healthy control subjects. They used stem cell reprogramming techniques to turn the skin cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and from there into neurons.
“What’s exciting is that we could look directly at human cells, neurons that are not usually accessible in living patients,” says Krishna Vadodaria, a Salk staff scientist and first author of the new paper.
“We can finally tap into the potential of looking at neurons from individuals whose medication histories, genetics and response profiles we know.”
The researchers studied how the neurons derived from each person responded to increased levels of serotonin, mimicking the effect of SSRIs. When serotonin was present, some neurons derived from SSRI non-responders had significantly higher activity on average compared to the neurons of healthy individuals or SSRI responders.
The hope of opening doors for more research
Further experiments pointed the team toward two particular serotonin receptors, out of the seven known in the human brain, 5-HT2A and 5-HT7. When these receptors were blocked with a chemical compound, the neurons of non-responders were no longer hyperactive in the presence of serotonin, suggesting that drugs targeting these receptors may be effective alternates to SSRIs in some patients, but more research is needed.
The methods used in the new paper can be more broadly applied to other subsets of patients with depression, the researchers say.
“I hope this opens the door to many more studies of individuals who are extreme cases in terms of how they respond to treatments,” concludes Vadodaria.
“In turn, that will help us understand major depression in the broader population.”
