Scientists have found a link to hormone production in baby wallabies to how some human girls are born with genitalia that appear more male than female – known as congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Research led by the Universities of Birmingham and Manchester, UK, has made a connection between the way baby wallabies produce male hormones and how some human girls are born with genitalia that resemble those of a boy. Analysing urine from newborn human babies, the team showed this alternative pathway is particularly active when newborn girls are born with a disorder – congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) – in which their genitalia resemble that of a boy.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Published in PNAS and supported by the Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, shows that an alternative pathway to the production of active male hormones – previously identified in the tammar wallaby pouch young – is present and active during human foetal development.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is an inherited condition caused by mutations in genes that code enzymes involved in making steroid hormones in the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are cone-shaped organs that sit on top of each kidney. They make several hormones necessary for healthy body function.
In individuals with CAH, the adrenal glands cannot make enough of the hormone cortisol. As they start working harder in attempts to make more cortisol, they increase in size.
Babies with CAH are born with a number of physical changes. Their adrenal glands are often larger than normal, even at birth. Girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia may be born with external sex organs that appear more masculine than they should. If not treated, both boys and girls will develop early sexual characteristics, well before normal puberty should begin.
An alternative androgen pathway
Professor Wiebke Arlt, Director of University of Birmingham’s Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, explained: “The production of male hormones usually requires the production of testosterone in the gonads before the most powerful male hormone, DHT, is formed from testosterone in genital skin, which makes the phallus of male babies grow.
“CAH is an inherited disorder in which the overproduction of male hormones results in a newborn baby girl with CAH having a clitoris resembling a penis, and often at first look their genitalia appear to look male.
“We hypothesised that this is due to an alternative androgen pathway to DHT not depending on the formation of testosterone. This pathway has previously been shown to exist in the tammar wallaby pouch young, but never in humans.”
Details of the study
Neil Hanley, Professor of Medicine at the University of Manchester and Director of Research and Innovation at Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, added: “Using organ cells from the early phases of human foetal development, we could show that this proposed alternative pathway is present and active early during development, with contributions from the adrenal glands, the gonads and genital skin.”
The team collected urine from newborn babes with CAH and healthy babies and could show that the babies with CAH still excreted large amounts of alternative pathway steroids for the first few weeks after birth.
Dr Nicole Reisch, a former Marie Curie Research Fellow at the University of Birmingham, said: “In test tube experiments, we provided additional quantitative evidence that the alternative pathway is more important than the classic androgen pathway for the development of male characteristics in girls with CAH.
“Taken together, our results show that the alternative androgen pathway is present and active during human foetal development and that it has a key role in the development of male physical characteristics of the external genitalia of girls with CAH.
“Using organ cells from the early phases of human foetal development, we could show that this proposed alternative pathway is present and active early during development, with contributions from the adrenal glands, the gonads and genital skin.”
“First time that direct evidence has been provided”
Dr Angela Taylor, a senior postdoctoral fellow of the University of Birmingham, added: “This is the first time that direct evidence has been provided for the existence of the alternative androgen pathway in the human foetus during the major time period when the internal and external genitalia are formed.”
This first of its kind research, which took over a decade to complete, focused on one certain type of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH variant P450 oxidoreductase deficiency).
However, the researchers say that it is very likely that the findings also apply to a much more common CAH variant (21-hydroxylase deficiency), which affects one in 12,000 babies born in the UK.
Fundamental insight into how nature works
Professor Arlt added: “Our findings show that the alternative androgen pathway is a dominant contributor if not the driver of male hormone excess that results in the development of male physical characteristics of external genitalia in newborn girls with CAH.”
Professor Arlt, who is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, concludes: “The findings provide a fundamental insight into how nature works and how sexual development occurs during the foetal period and which hormones and pathways are involved in androgen production both in normal pregnancies and in pregnancies with CAH children.
“This might, with further research, result in finding better solutions to prevent the development of male physical characteristics of external genitalia in newborn girls with CAH.”
