By using an artificial intelligence (AI) tool, scientists have found that blood glucose levels play a key role in the severity of COVID-19.
A research group from the Blue Brain Project – a Swiss brain research initiative – generated an AI tool to analyse hundreds of thousands of scientific papers and extract the knowledge required to determine the role of blood glucose levels in the severity of COVID-19.
The study has been published by Frontiers in Public Health, Clinical Diabetes.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19) of over 400,000 scholarly articles was made open access, including over 150,000 with full text papers related to COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and other coronaviruses. The CORD-19 dataset is the most extensive coronavirus literature collection available for data mining to date and the coalition behind it has challenged AI experts to apply their skills in natural language processing and other machine learning techniques to generate new insights that may help in the ongoing fight against COVID-19.
Professor Henry Markram, Founder and Director of the Blue Brain Project, said: “Since early 2020, Blue Brain has been proactively contributing to the fight against COVID-19.
“With this call to action, we realised we could use our Machine Learning technologies and Data and Knowledge Engineering expertise to develop text and data mining tools required to try and help the medical community. Blue Brain set out to answer one of the most puzzling aspects of this pandemic – why some people get very sick, while others are completely unaffected.”
Using machine learning
To investigate the effects of COVID-19 on the body, Blue Brain built and trained machine-learning models to search the papers and extract structured information from text sources. By analysing the CORD-19v47 dataset in this way, researchers found that glucose metabolism was the most frequently mentioned biological variable.
Using Blue Graph, a Python framework that analyses extracted text concepts to construct knowledge graphs, the group constructed specific knowledge graphs to present the findings relating to glucose in the context of respiratory diseases, coronaviruses, and COVID-19. This allowed for the exploration of the potential role of glucose across many levels, from the most superficial symptomatic associations to the deepest biochemical mechanisms implicated in the disease.
From the facts and findings of the machine-learning research, significant evidence emerged to suggest that elevated blood glucose levels were either caused by abnormal glucose metabolism, or induced during hospitalisation, drug treatments, or by IV administration. This approach correlated extremely closely with COVID-19 severity across the population and revealed how elevated glucose helps virtually every step of the viral infection, from its onset in the lungs, through to severe complications such as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, multi-organ failure, and thrombotic events.
Dr Emmanuelle Logette, Blue Brain’s Molecular Biologist, said: “Subsequently, in the paper, we discuss the potential consequences of this hypothesis and propose areas for further investigation into diagnostics, treatments, and interventions that may help to reduce the severity of COVID-19 and help manage the public health impact of the pandemic.”
“With access to the CORD-19 dataset, Blue Brain quickly assembled an AI tool and targeted it to try and find out why some get sick and others not. Is it enough to just say that older people are more vulnerable? We must find out why. Why do some apparently healthy people die from COVID-19? Why do so many people die in the ICU? To answer these questions, we directed our AI to trace every step of the viral infection from the moment the virus enters the lungs until the time when the virus breaks out of the cells in the lungs and spreads throughout the body to infect the organs,” explained Professor Markram.
“We also built the virus at an atomistic level and developed a computational model of the infection so we could try to test what was coming out of the literature. I think we did find the most likely reason why some people get sicker than others,” he concluded.
An example of this is the team using Blue Brain BioExplorer to visually show the main impacts of high glucose in airway surface liquid on the primary step of infections in the lung and explaining the increased susceptibility to respiratory viruses in at-risk patients.
Blue Brain BioExplorer was built to reconstruct, visualise, explore, and describe in detail the structure and function of the coronavirus for this study, and is available as an open source for others to use to answer key scientific questions.
“Pioneering simulation neuroscience to better understand the brain has numerous collateral benefits,” states Professor Markram. “This study shows how Blue Brain’s computing technologies and unique team of multi-disciplinary experts can quickly be redirected to help in a global health crisis.”
