Using Artificial Intelligence (AI), scientists have predicted that there are many more links between viruses and mammals than first thought.
Researchers from the University of Liverpool have used machine learning, a form of AI, to predict more than 20,000 unknown associations between known viruses and susceptible mammalian species.
The findings from the study have been published in Nature Communications.
Utilising machine learning
Thousands of viruses are known to affect mammals, with recent estimates indicating that less than 1% of mammalian viral diversity has been discovered to date. Some of these viruses, such as human and feline immunodeficiency viruses, have a very narrow host range— whereas others, such as rabies and West Nile viruses, have very wide host ranges.
Lead researcher Dr Maya Wardeh, from the University of Liverpool’s Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, said: “Host range is an important predictor of whether a virus is zoonotic and therefore poses a risk to humans. Most recently, SARS-CoV-2 has been found to have a relatively broad host range, which may have facilitated its spill-over to humans. However, our knowledge of the host range of most viruses remains limited.”
To address this gap in knowledge, the researchers developed a novel machine learning framework to predict unknown associations between known viruses and susceptible mammalian species by consolidating three distinct perspectives – that of each virus, each mammal, and the network connecting them, respectively.
Zoonotic viruses
The results of the study suggest that there are more than five times as many associations between known zoonotic viruses and wild and semi-domesticated mammals than previously thought. In particular, bats and rodents, which have been associated with recent outbreaks of emerging viruses such as coronaviruses and hantaviruses, were linked with increased risk of zoonotic viruses.
The model also predicts a five-fold increase in associations between wild and semi-domesticated mammals and viruses of economically important domestic species such as livestock and pets.
Dr Wardeh said: “As viruses continue to move across the globe, our model provides a powerful way to assess potential hosts they have yet to encounter. Having this foresight could help to identify and mitigate zoonotic and animal-disease risks, such as spill-over from animal reservoirs into human populations.”
Dr Wardeh is currently expanding the approach to predict the ability of ticks and insects to transmit viruses to birds and mammals, which will enable prioritisation of laboratory-based vector-competence studies worldwide to help mitigate future outbreaks of vector-borne diseases.
